Table 4 Root trait-associated markers identified in the CORE panel

Trait	Marker	Mrg^{^a}	Pos (cM)	Sub. effect^b	P-value^c	MAF	Literature^d
RSA_5	avgbs_29471.1.50	9	44.7	−7.0	3.40E-06	0.35
	avgbs_cluster_34557.1.39	9	44.7	−6.5	1.19E-05	0.38
	avgbs2_169620.1.39	9	44.7	−6.5	1.19E-05	0.38
	avgbs_cluster_33692.1.63	9	47.1	−6.8	4.36E-06	0.39
RG_4	GMI_ES01_c5178_479	4	45.0	2.2	2.47E-05	0.20
	avgbs_115262.1.42	5	114.7	−4.0	5.17E-08*	0.06
	avgbs2_46371.1.64	5	131.6	6.3	2.12E-05	0.06
	avgbs2_46371.1.8	5	131.6	6.3	2.12E-05	0.06
	avgbs_12458.1.21	9	29.6	−2.8	2.33E-06	0.31
	avgbs_205346.1.41	12	57.4	3.0	6.68E-08*	0.36	1
	avgbs_cluster_34786.1.14	17	87.1	3.1	3.86E-08*	0.19
	avgbs_218823	18	10.9	−1.6	1.50E-05	0.38
	avgbs_cluster_38064.1.46	18	12.8	−2.4	2.98E-05	0.08
	avgbs_cluster_37097.2.27	23	22.3	−2.1	4.49E-05	0.29
	avgbs2_102913.1.47	28	57.3	−3.4	2.43E-05	0.09	3, 4
	avgbs2_10058.2.59	UKN	—	4.9	2.51E-06	0.06
RG_5	avgbs_cluster_26155.1.55	2	72.7	2.6	2.40E-05	0.37	2
	avgbs2_122749.1.55	2	72.7	2.6	2.40E-05	0.37	2
	avgbs_cluster_35609.1.46	2	87.3	−1.3	2.33E-06	0.4
	avgbs_49723.1.14	8	129.6	2.6	2.15E-06*	0.29	6
	avgbs_21913.1.62	13	35.9	2.3	2.39E-06	0.35
	avgbs_cluster_41284.1.50	15	32.7	−1.9	1.66E-05	0.42
	avgbs_92060.1.20	18	40.0	−1.8	3.21E-05	0.31	2
	avgbs_cluster_25488.1.14	21	146.0	−3.1	2.42E-07*	0.16	5
	avgbs_120739.1.46	24	41.8	−2.8	7.76E-06	0.09
	avgbs_218324	28	17.1	−2.6	3.32E-05	0.07	3
RRGR_4	GMI_DS_LB_8372	13	59.6	−0.047	8.46E-07*	0.27
	avgbs_cluster_15604.1.25	17	55.6	−0.055	2.38E-05	0.09
	avgbs2_53658.1.10	18	60.3	−0.104	1.26E-08*	0.08
	avgbs_56897.1.18	28	36.8	−0.086	3.51E-05	0.18
	avgbs_cluster_31411.1.54	28	43.8	−0.088	5.36E-08*	0.17	4
	avgbs_cluster_29960.1.24	28	43.8	0.044	1.03E-05	0.15	4
	GMI_GBS_13776	28	43.8	−0.084	3.06E-05	0.19	4
	GMI_GBS_96525	28	43.8	−0.085	2.89E-05	0.19	4
RRGR_5	avgbs_cluster_10425.1.7	1	57.2	0.019	6.77E-06	0.46
	avgbs_200217	4	50.3	0.021	9.28E-07*	0.34
	avgbs_cluster_10309.1.10	6	28.1	0.021	3.43E-07*	0.44	2
	avgbs_cluster_10035.1.11	13	106.5	0.020	1.84E-05	0.22
	avgbs_207710	UKN	—	−0.029	1.41E-06*	0.1
AVRSA	avgbs_29471.1.50	9	44.7	−2.1	3.00E-06	0.35
	avgbs_cluster_33692.1.63	9	47.1	−1.9	1.17E-05	0.39
	avgbs_cluster_28147.1.55	17	84.3	1.9	9.04E-06	0.46
	GMI_ES03_c19505_223	17	85.3	1.9	6.90E-06	0.49

↵a : “UKN” for unmapped SNPs. ^b: allelic substitution effect. ^c:* indicated markers having P-value below Bonferroni threshold. ^d: 1, (Holland et al. 1997); 2, (Huang et al. 2020); 3, (Siripoonwiwat et al. 1996); 4, (Sunstrum et al. 2019); 5, (Wooten et al. 2009); 6, (Tumino et al. 2017).